And that’s why hydrogen technology is sure to figure prominently on the road to low-carbon transportation, especially when it comes to electrifying heavy trucks. But there is one crucial difference: an electrical powertrain produces zero local emissions. Once its fuel has been topped up - which takes just a few minutes - the car’s range is over 500 kilometers. On the surface of it, there’s very little to distinguish a fuel-cell car from one that runs on gasoline or diesel. Sustainability innovations for resource and energy efficiency.Modeling, simulation, optimization and new materials.Information and communication technologies.The State of California's Clean Transportation Program includes assistance for establishing publicly accessible hydrogen vehicle fueling stations throughout California to promote a consumer market for zero-emission fuel cell vehicles. In the United States, there are about 48 hydrogen vehicle fueling stations and nearly all are in California. Production of hydrogen-fueled vehicles is limited because people won't buy those vehicles if hydrogen refueling stations are not easily accessible, and companies won't build refueling stations if they don't have customers with hydrogen-fueled vehicles. The high cost of fuel cells and the limited availability of hydrogen vehicle fueling stations have limited the number of hydrogen-fueled vehicles in use today. Test vehicles are also available in limited numbers to organizations with access to hydrogen fueling stations. Several vehicle manufacturers have light-duty hydrogen fuel cell vehicles available for lease or sale in California where there are public hydrogen fueling stations. Hydrogen can also fuel internal combustion engines, but burning hydrogen results in nitrogen oxides emissions and is less efficient than use in fuel cells. A fuel cell may be two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. The interest in hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel stems from its ability to power fuel cells in zero-emission vehicles (vehicles with no emissions of air pollutants), its potential for domestic production, and the fuel cell's potential for high efficiency. Hydrogen is considered an alternative vehicle fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Another example is Intermountain Power Agency's planned conversion of an existing coal-fired power facility in Utah to a combined-cycle gas-fired facility that would initially use up to 30% hydrogen and eventually use 100% green hydrogen. One example is the 485 MW Long Ridge Energy Generation Project facility in Ohio with a gas-fired combustion turbine that will run on a 95% natural gas/5% hydrogen fuel blend in a gas turbine with a plan to eventually use 100% green hydrogen produced from renewable resources. In the United States, several power plants have announced plans to operate on a natural gas-hydrogen fuel mixture in combustion gas turbines. Interest in using hydrogen as a power plant fuel is growing. Burning hydrogen for electricity generation The San Diego Gas and Electric power-to-gas-to power project will use the electric grid to produce hydrogen by electrolysis and use it in a fuel cell to generate electricity. The majority of all the operating fuel cells use pipeline natural gas as the hydrogen source, but three use landfill gas and three use biogas from wastewater treatment. One of them is located at the Red Lion Energy Center in Delaware, which has another five smaller fuel cells for a combined facility total electric generation capacity of 25 MW. The next two largest operating fuel cells each have 6 MW of generation capacity. The largest single fuel cell is the Bridgeport (Connecticut) Fuel Cell, LLC with about 16 MW of generation capacity. Large fuel cells can supply electricity to electric power grids, supply backup or emergency power in buildings, and supply electricity in places that are not connected to electric power grids.Īs of the end of October 2021, there were about 166 operating fuel cell electric power generators at 113 facilities in the United States with a total of about 260 megawatts (MW) of electric generation capacity. Small fuel cells can power laptop computers and even cell phones, and military applications. Many different types of fuel cells are available for a wide range of applications. The hydrogen reacts with oxygen across an electrochemical cell similar to that of a battery to produce electricity, water, and small amounts of heat. Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Source: Adapted from the National Energy Education Project (public domain) Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity
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